What is n-Butyl isocyanate

Name:n-Butyl isocyanate
CAS NO. 111-36-4
FORMULA C4H9NCO
MOL WT. 99.13
SYNONYMS 1-Isocyanatobutane; Butyl Isocyanate;  Isocyanic acid butyl ester; n-Butylisocyanat (Dutch); n-Butilo isocianato (Spanish);  Isocianato de butilo (Spanish); Isocyanate de butyle (French); 
n-Butyl isocyanate  is an unstable (explosive), poisonous, volatile, clear liquid with the structure of H-O-C≡N (the oxoacid formed from the pseudohalogen cyanide), which is readily converted to cyamelide and fulminic acid. There is another isomeric cyanic acid with the structure of H-N=C=O, called n-Butyl isocyanate . Cyanate group (and isocyanate group) can react with itself. Cyanuric acid (also called pyrolithic acid), white monoclinic crystal with the structure of [HOC(NCOH)2N], is the trimer of cyanic acid.

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The article reprinted from:http://www.chemical-chem.com/blog/post8/

What is n-Butyl isocyanate

Name:n-Butyl isocyanate
CAS NO. 111-36-4
FORMULA C4H9NCO
MOL WT. 99.13
SYNONYMS 1-Isocyanatobutane; Butyl Isocyanate;  Isocyanic acid butyl ester; n-Butylisocyanat (Dutch); n-Butilo isocianato (Spanish);  Isocianato de butilo (Spanish); Isocyanate de butyle (French); 
n-Butyl isocyanate  is an unstable (explosive), poisonous, volatile, clear liquid with the structure of H-O-C≡N (the oxoacid formed from the pseudohalogen cyanide), which is readily converted to cyamelide and fulminic acid. There is another isomeric cyanic acid with the structure of H-N=C=O, called n-Butyl isocyanate . Cyanate group (and isocyanate group) can react with itself. Cyanuric acid (also called pyrolithic acid), white monoclinic crystal with the structure of [HOC(NCOH)2N], is the trimer of cyanic acid.

Readmore: n-Butyl isocyanate  online
The article reprinted from:http://www.chemical-chem.com/blog/post8/

The main applications about Ephedrine hydrochloride

Ephedrine hydrochloride  is a medicine which is used in emergency treatment of asthma, asthma, preventing or treating bronchospasm in asthma, bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, treatment of reversible airways obstruction and asthma with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ephedrine hydrochloride is not suitable for everyone and some people should never use it. Other people should only use it with special care. It is important that the person prescribing this medicine knows your full medical history. Respiratory conditions, including asthma, nasal swelling, and nasal congestion. It is also claimed to be a heart and nervous system stimulant. It may have other uses. Check with your pharmacist for more details regarding the particular brand you use.

Ephedrine hydrochloride is an herbal product. It works by stimulating the nervous system, which can increase heart rate and blood pressure. It good for cardiovascular system : so that the skin, mucous membrane and offal vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow; Coronary artery and cerebral vascular dilation, Lee said. After the administration hypertension and pulse pressure intensified. So enhanced cardiac contractility and cardiac output increased. Because high blood pressure reflex excitement to the vagus nerve, the heart rate the same or slightly less. It good for bronchial : relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, the effect of α fair so bronchial mucosa vasoconstriction, reducing congestion and edema and improve small airway obstruction. But the long-term application of the anti-induced mucosal vascular excessive contraction, capillary pressure, anti-increasing congestion and edema. In addition, the effect of α fair increase bronchial smooth muscle spasm.  It good for central nervous system : exciting cortex and subcortical hub mental excitement, insomnia, anxiety and tremors.

Ephedrine hydrochloride indications :
1. For the prevention of bronchial asthma and mitigation mild asthma attack, the severe acute asthma patient.

2. For subarachnoid anesthesia or epidural anesthesia-induced hypotension low blood pressure and chronic disease.

3. The treatment of the causes nasal congestion, nasal swelling caused.

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Capsiate increased fat burning

Capsiate increases the rate at which the body burns calories, even at rest, by up-regulating mitochondrial function and at the same time acting as a selective sympathomimetic . As would be predicted, this results in increased metabolic rate and increased fat burning both in rats and in humans. Capsiate is a natural product consisting of capsinoids extracted from non-pungent sweet pepper plants.  Capsiate have been shown to increase post-meal energy expenditure, increase lipid oxidation, and reduce food and fat intake.  They have also been shown to increase fat burning in humans through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

The advantages of Capsiate include an increase in your metabolism without increasing blood pressure or heart rate.  Unlike other appetite suppressants, Capsiate  is a natural product that is safe to use long term for weight loss maintenance.  The supplement has no known side effects and does not interact with other prescription medications, making it safe to take even if you have a history of high blood pressure, diabetes or high cholesterol. Capsiate  is offered in easy-to-swallow vegetarian softgels to be taken each morning before breakfast. It is a diet supplement containing dihydrocapsiate, a chemical found in chili peppers that  manufacturers describe as “a great tool for weight management.” Their premise is that capsiate will increase one’s metabolism and burn extra calories much like capsaisin does, capsaisin being another chili pepper chemical that is unfortunately too hot for most tongues.

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The uses and properties of Sodium Borohydride

Name: Sodium BorohydrideCAS NO. 16940-66-2 
EINECS NO. 241-004-4
FORMULA NaBH4
MOL WT. 37.83
SYNONYMS Sodium tetrahydroborate; SBH;
PHYSICAL STATE white crystalline powder particle
MELTING POINT 400 C 
FLASH POINT 250 C
STABILITY Not available. Hygroscopic (dangerous when wet)

Sodium Borohydride is an odorless white to gray-white microcrystalline powder which often forms lumps. It is soluble in water, without decomposition, however it reacts vigorously with acid solutions. Sodium borohydride also known as sodium tetrahydridoborate, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBH4. This white solid, usually encountered as a powder, is a versatile reducing agent that finds wide application in chemistry, both in the laboratory and on a technical scale. Large amounts are used for bleaching wood pulp. The compound is insoluble in ether, and soluble in glyme solvents, methanol and water, but reacts with the latter two in the absence of base.

Sodium Borohydride is a milder reducing agent, can be used in aqueous solution. It converts selectively aldehydes and ketones the corresponding alcohols in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. It will not react with esters, amides, or carboxylic acids, the more powerful reducing agent lithium aluminum hydride(LAH) is used to reduce these compounds. LAH is the more powerful reducing agent than sodium borohydride due to the weaker Al-H bond compared to the B-H bond. The reactivity of sodium borohydride can be modified by addition of iodine or methanol in BH3-THF to reduce esters into the corresponding alcohols like the reaction of benzyl benzoate to benzyl alcohol. Sodium borohydride is used as a hydrogen source for fuel cell systems and a foaming agent for rubbers. Sodium cyanoborohydride converts certain alcohol groups to methylene groups. Sodium Cyanoborohydride is used as a selective amination reductant. It converts aldehydes (chemoselective), ketones (stereoselective) to the corresponding alcohols in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. It is used in the reductive alkylation of amines, novel metals and oximes.

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The applications and properties of Ubenimex

Name  Ubenimex Synonyms:  Bestatin; [S-(R*,S*)]-N-(3-Amino-2-hydroxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbuty1)-L-leucine 
Molecular Formula  C16H24N2O4
Molecular Weight  308.38
CAS  Number  58970-76-6
EINECS  261-529-2
Melting point  245 ºC

Ubenimex  is also known as bestatin, is a competitive protease inhibitor. It is an inhibitor of aminopeptidase B, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, aminopeptidase N. It is being studied for use in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia.

Ubenimex  is an antitumor agent effective against murine syngeneic tumors including mouse colon 26 and C1498 leukemia. It was active against MNNG-induced rat tumor by oral administration. Soluble in acetic acid, DMSO and methanol. Less soluble in water. Insoluble in ethyl acetate, benzene, hexane and chloroform.

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How does Cellactose 80 work?

Cellactose 80 is a spray-dried compound consisting of 75 % α-lactose monohydrate [Ph.Eur./USP-NF/JP] and 25 % cellulose powder dry matter. Cellactose 80, designed especially for direct tableting, combines filling and binding properties of the two excipients which have been synergistically combined to an one-body excipient providing better tableting performance at lower cost.

Cellactose 80 is an inovative filler-binder particularly designed and co-processed for direct compression. Cellactose 80 is a spraydried one-body-compound consisting of 75% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 25% cellulose powder. The advantage of copressing is the synergistic effect of both components, i.e. enhanced compressibility of pure lactose and highly increased flowability of cellulose powder. Spraydrying leads to almost spherical particles of Cellactose 80. It is the content of cellulose that is responsible for its excellent binding capacity. Due to the excellent compressibility of Cellactose 80 tablets with good properties can be obtained at low compression forces. The most obvious advantages of Cellactose 80 are compressibility, flowability, stability, adherence capacity, and pleasant taste. Cellactose 80 is mainly used for high-dosage tablet and for herbal formulations. Cellactose 80 shows superior adherence capacity for small sized actives and therefore provides a very good content uniformity.

Cellactose 80 1 spraydried body 75% of α-lactose monohydrate and 25% cellulose powder compounds. The advantage copressing two components, that is pure lactose enhanced the mobility of the compressibility and high-cellulose powder increased synergies. Spraydrying lead almost Cellactose 80 spherical particles. It is the cellulose content is responsible for its good binding capacity. With the performance Cellactose 80 slices good compression, you can get at low compression force. Cellactose 80 The most obvious advantage is that the compressibility, mobility, stability, and the ability to hold and pleasant taste.

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The functions about Selenium Sulfide Lotion

Selenium Sulfide Lotion  is a cytostatic agent used to treat dandruff and other conditions of the scalp or skin.  It is made by combining sulfur and selenium catenate. When it is applied directly to the skin, it helps to reduce or eliminate the symptoms that can accompany certain skin disorders, such as dandruff or dermatitis. Selenium sulfide lotion is available as an over-the-counter drug. For severe skin problems, a doctor may prescribe a more potent version of this topical medication. Apply a sufficient amount to cover affected areas of the body. Lather well with a small amount of water. Leave the Selenium Sulfide Lotion   on the skin for 10 minutes. Rinse thoroughly in the shower. Wash hands well after treatment.

Selenium Sulfide Lotion   should be applied according to the directions or a physician's instructions. Over use can cause discoloration to the skin or hair. Jewelry and clothing can also become discolored if it comes in contact with selenium sulfide lotion. Overuse can also cause dry or oily patches on the skin and temporary hair loss. These side effects can usually be eliminated by reducing the amount of lotion used. Selenium sulfide lotion is only meant to be used externally and it can be poisonous if swallowed. It can also cause irritation if it should get into the eyes or nose. Bandages, dressings, or any other type of lotion or cosmetic should never be used along with selenium sulfide lotion.

Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection that can discolor and irritate the skin. It appears on the upper arms, legs, chest, or back. Due to an overgrowth of yeast, it can produce pink, brown, or tan patches of scaly, bumpy skin. Exposure to direct sunlight makes these patches more visible. Using selenium sulfide lotion can reduce or eliminate tinea versicolor and return a normal pigmentation to the skin.

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The properties and uses of CBZ-Cl

Name: CBZ-Cl

CAS No.: 501-53-1

Molecular formula: C8H7ClO2
Molecular Weight: 170.59
CBZ-Cl  Physical and chemical properties:
Dissolved: soluble in ether and acetone, decomposition in water and ethanol;
Properties: colorless to yellow oily liquid, has a strong irritating odor;
3, boiling point: 103 ° C;
4, the refractive index: 1.5160;
5, the proportion of :1.195-1 .22;
Toxicity LD50 (mg / kg): mice by mouth 3300;

Appearance: colorless to pale yellow oily liquid, irritating and tear.
Purposes: CBZ-Cl  for organic synthesis intermediates, pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis of the amino protective agent can be used Pd / C hydrogenation to take off.

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The functions about Eudragit

Eudragit is a Methacrylate-based coating materials with a variety of functional properties.

Functionality  Anionic polymer of methacrylic acid and methacrylates with a -COOH group Eudragit L 100-55 - powder, spray dried L 30 D-55 which can be reconstituted for targeted delivery in the duodenum. Eudragit L 30 D-55 - aqueous dispersion, pH dependent polymer soluble above pH 5.5 for targeted delivery in the duodenum. Eudragit powder, pH dependent polymer soluble above pH 6.0 for targeted delivery in the jejunum. Eudragit powder, pH dependent polymer soluble above pH 7.0 for targeted delivery in the ileum. Eudragit FS 30 D - aqueous dispersion, pH dependent polymer soluble above pH 7.0, requires no plasticizer. Cationic polymer with a dimethylaminoethyl ammonium group Eudragit E 100 - granules, pH dependent, soluble in gastric fluid up to 5.0, swellable and permeable above pH 5.0.  Eudragit E PO - powder form of E-100, Copolymers of acrylate and methacrylates with quarternary ammonium group. Insoluble, High Permeability . Eudragit RL 30D - aqueous dispersion, pH independent polymer for sustained release formulations.

 Eudragit RL PO - powder, pH independent polymer for matrix formulations. Eudragit RL 100 - granules, pH independent. Eudragit is mainly used as tablets, pills, granules,film-forming agent for enteric-type coating material and enteric capsule shell, microcapsules film agent,it is also used for the coating materials and reinforcing materials of sustained-release formulations.

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The medical uses about Methoxsalen

Methoxsalen  is used along with controlled ultraviolet light (UVA) to cause a return in skin color in patients with a certain skin condition (vitiligo). Methoxsalen works by making the skin more sensitive to UVA light. This combination helps to increase the number of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin.

Methoxsalen  is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen is extracted from Ammi majus, a plant of the family Apiaceae. Methoxsalen modifies the way skin cells receive the UVA radiation, allegedly clearing up the disease. The dosage comes in 10 mg tablets, which are taken in the amount of 30 mg 75 minutes before a PUVA (psoralen + UVA) light treatment. The substance is also present in other Apiaceae as well as Rutaceae, for example bergamot oil which is used in many perfumes and aromatherapy oils.

Methoxsalen  is a naturally occurring substance that is reactive to light. It works by enhancing the body's sensitivity to ultraviolet light A (UVA). Methoxsalen is used in combination with UVA light therapy to treat severe psoriasis. Methoxsalen is usually given after other psoriasis medications have been tried without successful treatment of symptoms.

However, Patients with high blood pressure or a history of liver problems are at risk for inflammation and irreparable damage to both liver and skin. The eyes must be protected from UVA radiation. Side effects include nausea, headaches, dizziness, and in rare cases insomnia. Methoxsalen has also been classified as an IARC Group 1 carcinogen (known to cause cancer) but is only cancerous when combined with Ultra Violet-A radiation.

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The basic properties about HONB

Name:HONB
CAS NO. 21715-90-2
EINECS NO. 244-538-6
FORMULA C9H9NO3
MOL WT. 179.18
SYNONYMS HONB; endo-n-Hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide;  n-Hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide;  N-Hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene- 2,3-dicarboximide; 4,7-Methano-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 3a,4,7,7a- tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-; N-Hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide; 
PHYSICAL STATE HONB is white crystals
MELTING POINT  165 - 170 C   
SOLUBILITY IN WATER Soluble
STABILITY Stable under ordinary conditions.
We can supply the best HONB, please contact us.
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The homopolymer live hydrolysis

Homopolymer site hydrolysis process is divided into two parts, the first non-ionic PAM homopolymerization process to produce non-ionic PAM powder; then use the on-site construction hydrolysis device will produce dry powder dissolved, then add sodium hydroxide hydrolysis get the anionic PAM aqueous solution. Redispersible latex powder

Before adding alkali hydrolysis polymerization process

Before adding alkali hydrolysis process multiple complex low-temperature initiator system, and add a degree of polymerization of functional monomers and to improve the solubility of high molecular weight polymer cosolvent in the polymerization process. Polymerization, the polymerization of the polymer gel by cutting, granulation, drying, screening processing powdered poor child quality anionic polyacrylamide product in the kettle or tank reactor. The process is the production of PAM products, relative molecular mass of 19 million.

Homopolymer hydrolysis process

Are poly Hydrolysis process is the first non-ionic PAM homopolymer into the granulation after sodium hydroxide hydrolysis, and finally by drying powdered PAM products. Redispersible latex powder

The composite catalyst system in the process, ie oxidation of the reductant and the thermal decomposition catalyst compound, oxidation of the reducing agent from the role of polymerization reaction, the reaction is essentially an adiabatic process. Colloid by the end of the polymerization after cutting anyone to hydrolysis, high temperature alkali spray to rubber or directly adding alkali particles, and maintain the hydrolysis temperature at 80 ℃. After the hydrolysis process to produce polymer relative molecular mass of about 20 million, but the molecular weight distribution of a wide, high production costs.

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The Origin of Neutral polyester sizing agent

Sizing papermaking process, the degree of sizing is an important physical indicators indicate the quality of paper or paperboard, and the sizing process is to use the strong hydrophobic material covering the surface of the paper fibers to form a layer of hydrophobic filmreduces the fiber surface free energy, in order to resist the diffusion of water or other liquids on the fiber surface, wetting or penetration, and with this performance material called sizing agent.

The earliest material as a sizing agent is a natural rosin, since the discovery in 1807, it was used nearly 200 years, is still used, just through a variety of methods were modified, conventional sizing acidic sizing, sizing process must make use of aluminum sulfate as a retention agent, rosin acid with negative charge retention in the fiber, to achieve the purpose of sizing, though later on the rosin was modified, prepared maleic rosin saponification gum, fumaric acid rosin, acrylic rosin sizing effect greatly improved, but still must be carried out under acidic conditions sizing.

Many shortcomings due to the acidic sizing, so attention has turned to neutral sizing, 1956, the successful development of synthetic sizing agent of AKD, invented in 1968, ASA synthetic sizing agent, because of the sizing agent of the class applied for reactive glue, can and fiber reaction, keep their own, and thus do not need the help of aluminum sulfate, sizing in high PH value, neutral or alkaline sizing.

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Cationic rosin sizing agent Review（一）

Domestic cationic rosin sizing agent there are three kinds of methods: cationic method, the cationic emulsion method and the transformation method.

Cationic law

Itself cationic use the reaction of the carboxyl or small monomer rosin and unsaturated cationic copolymer introduced in the rosin molecule cationic achieve cationic, namely through the rosin itself to the formation of the cation, then add the cationic or non-ionic surfactant agent rosin emulsified and dispersed, some cationic rosin itself is a surface active agent can be directly on the rosin emulsified and dispersed to obtain high dispersion glue. The formation of cation resin such as rosin and unsaturated quaternary ammonium salts by the Diels-Alder reaction. Unsaturated monomer and rosin acid copolymer ene Class C trimethyl ammonium chloride, allyl butyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl (dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate and so on. The cationic rosin, synthetic methods:  abietic acid with epichlorohydrin reaction and generate intermediates and then further reacted with amines to the formation of quaternary ammonium salts can also be as rosin Mr. glycidyl, and then amination quarter post-ammonium quaternary ammonium salt; rosin acid is first formed with diethylene triamine  amide, and then dimethyl sulfate quaternized; rosin amine reaction with ethylene oxide generated rosin acid polyoxyethylene ether, quaternary ammonium salt with chlorine methylamines .
Cationic rosin sizing material is generally difficult to emulsify, to select the appropriate emulsifier, emulsifying temperature and time conditions. Studies have shown that certain amount according to the method  the synthesis of their own cationic rosin material, respectively, under mechanical stirring the water with the temperature, mass fraction of 0.1% peregal -15 aqueous solution, 0.1% OP-10 aqueous solution 0.1% TX-10 solution dubbed a certain concentration of latex, rubber latex interface migration rate determined by electrophoresis, the calculation of the zeta potential of 30 mV, more than the product of the U.S. Hercules .

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Effects of Fatty Acid Components Present in AKD Wax on Emulsion Stability and Paper Sizing Performance

abstract

  Commercial alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) waxes generally contain 80-90% AKD and the rest of the components are by-products, such as fatty acids, acid anhydrides, and AKD oligomers. 

In this paper the effects of fatty acid components present in AKD waxes

 on AKD emulsion stability and paper sizing performance were using AKD 

emulsions prepared from a mixed AKD wax with 0-12% stearic acid and palmitic acid. Repeated thermal-shock treatments revealed that the fatty acids-containing AKD emulsions unstable at 3% fatty acid content was, while those

 with 12% fatty acids were quite stable. When the addition of fatty acids was increased 

up to 12%, increased zeta potentials of the AKD emulsion particles of 1.4 mV to 4.4 mV 

with increasing fatty acids. This increase of the zeta potential can be one of the factors that 

will lead to a decrease in AKD retention ratios in broadsheets. Thus reducing fatty acid

 components in AKD waxes not only the pure AKD content present in the growth, 

but also have negative effects on the emulsion stability and paper sizing performance. 

These results indicate that fatty acids in AKD waxes are regulated sufficiently kept 

as low as possible to a standard level of AKD wax to maintain quality.

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Flocculation of starch-coated solidified emulsion droplets and calcium carbonate particles

abstract

  In paper manufacture, many colloidal particles are added to improve with a pulp suspension on paper. Under the right conditions, these various colloids flocculate and interact. Examples of colloids papermaking fillers and internal sizing agents, opacity and hydrophobicity to improve the paper, respectively. Internal sizing agents (added in the wet end of a paper machine) together emulsion droplets stabilized by cationic starch and other stabilizers solidified. We studied the interaction of a common internal sizing agent, alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), with calcium carbonate fillers. AKD is a liquid over 50-65 ° C (depending on the alkyl chain length) which can be emulsified above its melting point in the presence of a stabilizer, which include, after cooling in the solid colloidal particles to 1 micron in size. We have investigated the interaction of AKD particles stabilized by cationic starch, with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) particles. Pure PCC particles are positively charged, but they are in the process water is negative. Flocculation experiments with positively charged and negatively charged AKD were PCC with a photometric dispersion analyzer. Instead of the expected heteroflocculation between AKD and PCC, we observed homoflocculation PCC and AKD homoflocculation, results confirmed by SEM. The results from the transfer of starch from AKD to PCC explains what to PCC flocculation by starch and AKD destabilization due to depletion of the stabilizer.

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Preparation of α-alumina-g-polyacrylamide composite abrasive and chemical mechanical polishing behavior

abstract                          
  α-alumina-g-polyacrylamide (α-Al2O3-g-PAM) composite abrasive filaments prepared by surface graft polymerization. Composition, structure and morphology of the product were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, is in each case. Then, the chemical mechanical polishing performance of the composite abrasive body were studied on glass substrates. Atomic force microscopy images show that the average roughness of the polished glass substrate surface can be reduced from 0.74 nm for pure α-Al2O3 abrasive to 0.45 nm for α-Al2O3-g-PAM abrasive.

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Synthesis and characterization of organic–inorganic hybrid thin films from poly(acrylic) and monodispersed colloidalsilica

abstract
  Hybrid thin films with nano-sized inorganic domain were synthesized from poly (acrylic) and monodispersed colloidalsilica with adhesion promoter. The 3 - (trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MSMA) was treated with colloidalsilica first, is bound and then polymerized with acrylic monomer to form a precursor. Then, the precursor was spin-coated and cured to form the hybrid films. The silica content in the hybrid thin films was varied from 0 to 50 wt%. The experimental results showed that the coverage area of the silica particles from the MSMA decreased with increasing silica content and resulted in the aggregation of silica particles in the hybrid films. In this way the silica in the hybrid films from 20 to 35 nm was varied by varying molar ratios MSMA to silica. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, and elemental analysis support the above results. The prepared hybrid films from the crosslinked acrylic polymer moiety showed much better film uniformity, thermal stability and mechanical properties than the poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) hybrid materials. Large needle holes were in the PMMA-silica hybrid films found probably due to the significant difference in the thermal properties between the two groups or the evaporation of solvent. The refractive index increases linearly with increasing proportion of silica in the hybrid films. Excellent optical clarity was obtained in the prepared hybrid films. These results show that the hybrid thin films have potential applications as passive films for optical devices.

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Wetstrength improvement of unbleached kraft pulp through laccase catalyzed oxidation

abstract
  Previous research has shown that the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of lignin fibers containing wood can improve the strength of fibreboard Medium density. In the present study it was examined whether laccase treatment had no effect on the tensile strength of unbleached kraft pulp yield high. Treatment with laccase alone had only a very small effect on the wetstrength pulp, that the addition of lignin rich extractives increased the wetstrength after enzyme treatment significantly. Mediated oxidation gave a similar improvement of the wet tensile strength, although no lignin was added to the fiber suspension. Furthermore, it was found that heat treatment combined with a mediated oxidation resulted in greater improvement in wet tensile strength that could be addressed by individual care. No change in the dry tensile strength of laccase treatment was observed. It is suggested that the observed improvement wet tensile strength is related to the polymerization of the lignin on the fibers in the sheet of hands and / or the coupling of phenoxy radicals on the lignin associated with adjacent fibers. For different mediators studied, a correlation was found between oxygen consumption during oxidation and mediated generation wetstrength in the pulp.

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BONDING BETWEEN CELLULOSIC FIBERS IN THE ABSENCE AND PRESENCE OF DRY-STRENGTH AGENTS

Various hydrophilic polyelectrolytes, including cationic starch products are used by papermakers to promote inter-fiber bonding and increase the paper dry strength. Thus, papermakers customer requirements with a lower net cost of materials, more recycled fibers, or higher content of minerals to meet. In the absence of polymeric additives, key bond include mechanisms for the development of cellulose fibers capillary three-dimensional mixing of macromolecules on facing surfaces, and formability of the materials, and hydrogen bonding. Dry-strength additives adsorb efficiently onto fibers have a hydrophilic character and a sufficiently high molecular mass. Although it is possible to achieve significant strength gains through optimal use of each polyelectrolyte, a greater strength gains oppositely charged polyelectrolytes by sequential addition can be achieved. Superior strength can be achieved, followed by in situ formation of polyelectrolyte complexes, these complexes by deposition on fiber surfaces. Polyampholytes promise as an efficient chemical additives strength. Opportunities for further increases the performance of dry-strength agent can be, for fiber surface modification, self-assembled layers, and the optimization of the dry film properties of dry-strength polymers or polymers.

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Modeling the Effect of Filtration of Pre-Gel Aggregates on Gel Placement in Layered Reservoirs with Crossflow

Flow experiments with the polyacrylamide-chromium-gel system have shown that a structure of the resistor in a localized area occurs at some distance from the front of the injected gel solution. The age of the solution at the time of development of resistance is less than the beaker gel time. This resistance has been described as in the filtration of pre-gel aggregates, and a linear model on the basis of this mechanism was shown to show that experimental data suggest.

This document describes the extension of the filtration model for the polyacrylamide gel chromium on the simulation of changes in permeability treatments in a wellbore penetrating a stratified reservoir in which there were examined polyacrylamide crossflow The impact on the treatment viability more parameters. The parameters include the permeability case of vertical permeability and thickness, injection pressure, gel-solution viscosity and zonal isolation.

The injection behavior in three successive flow regimes can be divided, is the last of which by relatively longer flow into the zone of low permeability embossed and should be avoided. The treatment is improved by a high permeability contrast, low viscosity gel solution and zonal isolation. Filtration of pre-gel aggregates, polyacrylamide under the right conditions, cross-flow is reduced in the zone with low permeability and thus works to improve gel placement.

Flow experiments with the polyacrylamide-chromium system for a construction of the resistor in a localized area at some distance from the front of the gelant. Several pore volumes of flow through this region occurs gelant to complete blockage of the sand pack. The age of the solution obtainedpolyacrylamide by the zone of the flow resistance substantially lower than the "gel time" of the in a beaker. These trends suggest cause the structure of the flow resistance during in situ gelation not in front of a simple bulk gelation during the displacement. When increasing the flow velocity, penetrates further into the sand gelant packs, but also the male sand packs at a faster rate.
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Effect of carbon fiber surface-treatment on mechanical properties of C/C composites

Carbon / carbon Surface Sizing Agent composites were prepared with thermosetting resin-derived carbon matrix, and two groups of carbon fibers (ie, surface-treated and non-surface treated) with and without treatment dimensioning. These composites were treated with heat at 1000 ° C and 3000 ° C flexural strength and fracture behavior of the composites were investigated at room temperature. Surface treatment of carbon fibers played an important role in fracture behavior and strength of the composites. Composite with surface-treated carbon fibers heat treated at 1000 ° C, showed a low strength and a catastrophic fracture pattern, while the heat treated at 3000 ° C showed aSurface Sizing Agent pseudo-plastic fracture pattern. However, the exact opposite behavior in combination with non-surface-treated carbon fibers.

  Graphitization of composites with two rows of carbon fibers exhibited a very different matrix microstructure. Composites with surfaceSurface Sizing Agent  treated fibers showed a columnarlike carbon matrix while those with non-surface-treated fibers have a lamellar type carbon matrix well oriented on carbon fibers.

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