Colloidal Silica production process characteristics and industrial applications

Wash the  Colloidal Silica  rubber is essential for the production process. Is to be formed by granular gel wash NazSO}, 7 {be the yin and yang from r (mainly H +, N expansion, SO was one, Si0 wear iY} r, etc.) to control the process within the requirements. At the same time it is an adjustment to the internal structure of particles (ie, aging) process. Exchange adsorption (ie, Na ten and H + exchange) phenomenon is the process of washing the wood glue one of the characteristics. Exchange adsorption of acid bubble process is the main process .1} 'a' and H + exchange and more in this process is complete. Far from the exchange to stop the washing process is just getting smaller and smaller exchange capacity. The concentration of acid bulbs, washing medium, washing temperature wash gel process is the main process parameters affecting the exchange rate and quantity. Characteristics of silicone finished hole is a big part of the aging process of mountain wash gel determined, and this process depends on the degree of aging, "a few wash gel medium, temperature. Wash the gel medium, the temperature control of a particle is the growth rate "of the main factors, namely, the increase by adjusting a particle" to adjust the pore structure of the goal. Inhibition of pore aging plastic washing requirements, therefore, necessary after the Colloidal Silica formation of granulation and the acid after short aging foam, plastic wash acidic media must start to finish, because the acidic medium (ie, H +) can be effectively inhibition of a particle 'grow up', the size of the head _ the amount of acid that determines the size of inhibition of aging while washing Colloidal Silica temperature should be lower, because aging is a process of energy absorption, low temperature, can be less for the aging of naturally small, ie pore Colloidal Silica washing the particles by inhibiting a 'grown up', to adjust the pore structure of the goal.

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Isopropyl chloroformate first aid measures

Isopropyl chloroformate skin: immediately stripped of contaminated clothing, rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. For medical treatment. Isopropyl chloroformate eye contact: immediately filed eyelid, with plenty of water or saline thoroughly washed at least 15 minutes. For medical treatment. Inhalation of isopropyl chloroformate: rapidly from the scene to fresh air. Keep the airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, artificial respiration immediately. For medical treatment. Ingestion of isopropyl chloroformate: oral intake of water, to blues or egg white. For medical treatment. Fire fighting methods: fire-extinguishing agents: Carbon dioxide, dry, sandy soil. Firefighters must wear filter respirators (full cover), or isolated respirators, wearing fire protective body suits, upwind of the fire.Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Phosgenation-chemicals/Isopropyl-chlorocarbonate/

Isopropyl chloroformate leakage contingency

Isopropyl chloroformate accidentally leak, rapid withdrawal from air leakage personnel to a safe area, and immediately quarantine 150m, and strictly limit access. Cut off the fire source. Recommended emergency personnel wearing self-Pressurized respirators to wear protective clothing. Do not direct contact with the leaked isopropyl chloroformate. Possible cut off the source of leakage, prevent access to sewers, flood discharge trench so restrictive space. Isopropyl chloroformate A small leak: sand or other non-combustible material to absorb. You can also use non-flammable dispersant made of latex, wash, lotion diluted Add Water Wastewater System. Large leak: to build a causeway or trenching asylum; covered with foam to reduce vapors disasters. Ex pump used to transfer tankers or exclusive collector, recycling or shipped to the waste disposal sites.Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Phosgenation-chemicals/Isopropyl-chlorocarbonate/

n-butyl chloroformate first aid measures,

If certain parts of the body accidentally exposed to n-butyl chloroformate, the following suggestions might help you. Skin contact with n-butyl chloroformate, immediately stripped of contaminated clothing, rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. For medical treatment. Eye contact with n-butyl chloroformate, immediately filed eyelid, with plenty of water or saline thoroughly washed at least 15 minutes. For medical treatment. Inhalation of n-butyl chloroformate, rapidly from the scene to fresh air. Keep the airway open. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, artificial respiration immediately. For medical treatment. Ingested, oral intake of water, to blues or egg white. For medical treatment. n-butyl chloroformate fire fighting methods: water cooling containers, if possible, move containers from the scene empty Department. Extinguishing Media: foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand. Not water.

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Polyacrylamide 's Safety Measures / Side Effects:

The Cosmetic Database finds Polyacrylamide to be a moderate hazard ingredient and notes multiple concerns, including neurotoxicity, organ system toxicity and data gaps. The biggest warning regarding the use of Polyacrylamide is the contamination concern and the presence of Acrylamide, a known toxin.
Acrylamide is rated by the EWG as a high hazard ingredient, at a 10, the highest level possible, due to cancer, developmental and reproductive toxicity, allergic reactions, organ system toxicity, neurotoxicity, irritation of the skin and eyes, and endocrine disruption, as well as biohazardous effects. Polyacrylamide is FDA and CIR approved, but to safeguard consumers, the CIR Expert Panel limits the potential Acrylamide levels that can be present in any product and established an upper limit of 5 ppm Acrylamide residues in cosmetics and personal care products , according to research.
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Uses of polyacrylamide

Another common use of polyacrylamide and its derivatives is in subsurface applications such as Enhanced Oil Recovery. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, and these can be injected to improve the economics of conventional waterflooding.
The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, such as the Test Tube Aliens. Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.
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Uses of polyacrylamide

One of the largest uses for polyacrylamide is to flocculate or coagulate solids in a liquid. This process applies to wastewater treatment, and processes like paper making. Most polyacrylamide is supplied in a liquid form. The liquid is subcategorized as solution and emulsion polymer. Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually copolymers of plyacrylamide and one or more other chemical species, such as an acrylic acid or a salt thereof. The main consequence of this is to give the 'modified' polymer a particular ionic character.
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PAM powder (non-ion) Scope

PAM powder (non-ion) used in the textile, printing and dyeing industry. PAM powder (non-ion)  as a fabric treatment sizing agents, finishing agents, and can generate supple, wrinkle-free, anti-fungal protection layer. Use of its hygroscopic characteristics, can reduce the spin-off sheets when spinning rate. PAM powder (non-ion) for the post-treatment agent to prevent static and flame retardant fabric. When used as auxiliaries, to make the product attached to the fastness PAM powder (non-ion) big, bright and high, but also as bleaching of non-silicone polymer stabilizers. 3, for the petroleum industry, oil, drilling mud, waste mud treatment, to prevent water channeling, reduce friction, improve oil recovery, EOR has been widely used
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What is Polyacrylamide

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic water-soluble polymer made from monomers of acrylamide. Polyacrylamide binds soil particles together. Once soil particles suspended in water are bound together by Polyacrylamide, they settle out, so water has a harder time washing them out of the field. Water -soluble polymers like Polyacrylamide have been known to benefit soil properties for a long time. Recently these polymers have gained renewed attention for their use in reducing irrigation-induced erosion, now that the cost of applying Polyacrylamide has become economically feasible. Other uses of polymers like Polyacrylamide include treatment of municipal water supplies, food packaging, adhesives, a boiler water additive, film former in the imprinting of soft-shell gelatin capsules, adjuvants in the manufacturing of paper and paperboard, and the list goes on and on.
In increasing water infiltration, the check furrows lost 37.5 percent of the water as runoff and 62.5 percent was infiltrated. Out of the total water applied treated with granular Polyacrylamide, 26.5 percent was lost as runoff and 73.3 percent of the water infiltrated into the soil. Out of the total water treated with liquid Polyacrylamide, 29.1 percent was lost as runoff and 70.8 percent of the water infiltrated. Granular Polyacrylamide used as a "patch" was effective to control the loss of sediment and increase water infiltration.
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colloidal silica's Functions and Strategies for Use

Key part of drainage-aid programs marketed by Eka Chemicals and Nalco; also capable of increasing the amount of cationic starch that can be retained as a dry-strength agent.
 The conventional procedure is to add the colloidal silica very late in the approach flow to a paper machine, typically just after a set of pressure screens. A drainage rate increase is expected only if the furnish already has been treated with a suitable high-mass cationic polymer such as cationic starch or cationic poly-acrylamide. The effect is most pronounced when the net amount of cationic additives is enough to render the system at least slightly cationic before the addition of the micro-particle. For this reason it can be helpful to treat highly anionic furnish with a highly cationic material such as alum, poly-aluminum chloride (PAC), polyamine, or polyethyleneimine (PEI).
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What is Benzyl chloroformate

Benzyl chloroformate is the benzyl ester of chloroformic acid. It is also known as benzyl chlorocarbonate and is an oily liquid whose color is anywhere from yellow to colorless. It is also known for its pungent odor. When heated, benzyl chloroformate decomposes into phosgene and if it comes in contact with water it produces toxic, corrosive fumes.
Benzyl chloroformate is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the carboxybenzyl (Cbz or Z) protecting group for amines:Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Phosgenation-chemicals/Benzyl-chloroformate/

How is polyacrylamide applied and what forms does it come in for application

 polyacrylamide 's three most common forms are dry granules, solid blocks (cubes), and emulsified liquids.The application method of polyacrylamide  chosen depends on the form of   polyacrylamideselected. The use of dry granular  polyacrylamide into irrigation water is facilitated by the use of an augured metering system and excellent mixing and thorough dissolving before the   polyacrylamidereaches the irrigated furrows.   polyacrylamideblocks ( or cubes) are usually placed in wire baskets that need to be secured to the edge of the ditch to avoid washing of the blocks down the ditch. Liquid   polyacrylamidecan be metered directly from the container into the irrigation ditch, directly into the furrow, or through a pipe line or injector pump.Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Papermaking-chemicals/Polyscrylamide/

Types of wet strength agent and development

Long time ago, people used to make sheepskin sulfuric acid treatment of the base paper, waterproof paint, plastic film or metal foil to paint, paper covering on the surface, or gelatin, animal glue surface sizing of paper, then tape the facilities and bauxite, formaldehyde or glyoxal exposure at high temperatures to form a protective layer. These methods are quite expensive, the production efficiency is low, and this method itself can only play the role of anti-water, and not substantially improve the paper wet strength agent . People first discovered in 1935 with the urea-formaldehyde resin (referred to as UF resin) as a surface sizing agent, after conducting heat treatment can have some wet strength paper. Then can be developed directly into the cytoplasm of the UF resin, but because of their negative charge and is not easy to combine with a load of fiber, low retention, poor  wet strength agent effect in 1942, developed a melamine-formaldehyde resin (referred to as the MF resin) It can be added directly in the cytoplasm, the paper added excitement after drying can get a goodwet strength agent . In 1946, UF resin-modified cationic successful trial, the resin retention rate and efficiency of wet strength agent  paper with MF is similar, but the price is low, wet strength agent  paper for the mass production created the conditions. The use of urea-formaldehyde resins and melamine resins as wet strength agent after not only simplify the process, and the wet strength agent  can be obtained up to 50%. At the same time improve the wet strength agent, but also to make some dry paper strength index (such as breaking length, bursting strength and folding, etc.) and the degree of sizing a corresponding increase.
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The performance Beer colloidal silica

Beer is an amorphous colloidal silica microporous structure of the solid powder, diameter 8-16nm, chemical formula mSiO2 · nH2O, Beer  colloidal silica insoluble in water and any solvent, in addition to caustic alkali and hydrofluoric acid, but not with any acid, alkali, salt from the reaction, non-toxic, odorless, nonflammable, non-explosive, with a strong heat, cold stability, harmless to human body.Beer  colloidal silica  mainly for the beer industry. 1 beer silica gel with a large specific surface area and porous structure of numerous appropriate, may cause beer turbid within a few minutes of protein adsorption, removed by filtration, thus prolonging beer storage period by 180-240 days, to prevent beer from being cold muddy. (2) does not affect the beer foam or taste. Beer physical and chemical nature of the  colloidal silicait has no effect on beer foam and taste, and practice has proved that beer colloidal silica is the world's beer industry recognized the safest beer stabilizer. 3 to improve to help filter effect. Beercolloidal silica  is chemically stable, non-beer soluble substances, the surface area and porous structure are much better than diatomaceous earth, is a good filter aid, diatomaceous earth filter aid to make beer brighter and more clear.Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Papermaking-chemicals/Colloidal-Silica/

The performance of blue colloidal silica

Blue colloidal silica  indicator divided into blue, colloidal silicaand bluecolloidal silica , blue or light blue glass-like appearance of particles, according to the spherical particle shape and bulk can be divided into two, the role of moisture adsorption with colloidal silica , and With the increase in moisture content, their color changes from blue to purple, and finally into a light red, indicating both the humidity of the environment, but also the role of visual display is still damp. 1 is mainly used for equipment, instruments, equipment, etc. under the conditions of moisture absorption in sealed rust. (2) used in conjunction with ordinarycolloidal silica desiccant, indicating desiccant to absorb moisture level and to determine the relative humidity of the environment. Packed with  colloidal silicaas a desiccant, widely used in precision instruments, leather, clothing, food, medicines and household appliances.Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Papermaking-chemicals/Colloidal-Silica/

Function of non-ionic PAM powder (non-ion)

PAM powder (non-ion)  flocculation strong, because it has: a PAM powder (non-ion)  clarify purification, to promote the role of sedimentation, filtration role in promoting the thickening effect and other effects. In wastewater treatment, sludge dewatering, mineral processing, coal washing, papermaking, etc., to fully meet the requirements of various fields. When using PAM powder (non-ion)  Note 1, when used, dubbed 0.1% concentration of aqueous solution, to use the neutral salt-free water suitable debris. 2, dissolved, it will be thrown into the non-ionic PAM powder (non-ion)  uniform mixing of the water, stir speed control in the 100 ~ 300rpm. Appropriate heating (<60 ° C), can accelerate the dissolution. 3, adjusting the PH value is processed, so that non-ionic PAM powder (non-ion)  fully play its role (through the test to choose the best PH value and the amount of non-ionic PAM powder (non-ion)  ) 4, by adding PAM powder (non-ion)  solution, should be accelerated mixed with the fluid being processed, there floc, the slow stirring speed, in order to facilitate floc growth and accelerate settlement.
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AKD WAX 's advantages

Compare to Acidic sizing agent (Gum Rosin), The Neutral / Alkaline Sizing Agent (AKD) is a chemical treatment that reduces machine breakdown and water recycling difficulties of the standard acidic paper manufacture process by minimizing water absorption and enhancing the surface conditions of paper during a neutral paper manufacturing process. AKD WAX plays a significant role in minimizing the detrimental environmental impact of water contamination by facilitating the recycling of water in the paper production process. In particular, the reactive neutral sizing AKD Emulsion produced by us has increased the amount of AKDWAX particles per unit volume through effective dispersion, resulting in improved sizing effects in the range of pH 6.5 ~ 9.0.
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The role of PAM powder (anion)

Anionic water is mainly used for live production, industrial and urban sewage treatment. Also applies during the preparation of alumina red mud flocculation sedimentation and sludge-liquid separation. Cationic high molecular weight, mainly for water and suspension for suspension objects coagulation and sedimentation, acidic and acidic solution containing an organic material for suspension flocculation is a very difficult time. In this case, the  PAM powder (anion) can be effective for coagulation and sedimentation, show its outstanding performance. 0.1-0.2% aqueous solution using the form, must be PH ≤ 7 of the water preparation, dubbed after the highly dilute solution hydrolysis. Should vary with the distribution with the use or used in the day, not long term storage.
PAM powder (anion) Mainly used as flocculants: For suspended particles, thick, high concentrations of particles with positive charge, water PH value is neutral or alkaline water, the  PAM powder (anion)  molecular chain containing a certain amount of water can absorb polar suspended solid particles, the particles form a bridge between large flocs. Therefore, it accelerates particles in suspension settlement, there are very obvious solution to speed up the clarification, filtration, etc. to promote the effect. The product is widely used in chemical industrial wastewater, wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment. Water industry, the high turbidity of water purification, Shen Qing, coal washing, beneficiation, metallurgy, steel, zinc, aluminum, electronics industry and other water treatment. 2, for the petroleum industry, oil, drilling mud, waste mud treatment, to prevent water channeling, reduce friction, improve oil recovery, EOR has been widely used. 3, for textile sizing agents, stable slurry, slurry down a small, low breakage fabric, cloth bright and clean.

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The role of PAM powder (anion)

Polyacrylamide called PAM, commonly known as flocculants or cohesion agent, molecular formula: + CH2-CHn is a linear polymer, the molecular weight of 400-2000 million range, the solid product is white or slightly yellow powder, liquid is colorless viscous gel-like, soluble in water, when the temperature exceeds 120 ℃ easily decomposed.
PAM powder (anion) molecules with positive group (-CONH2), with the suspended particles dispersed in solution adsorption and bridging, there is a strong flocculation, PAM powder (anion) is widely used in water treatment and metallurgy, paper making, petroleum, chemical , textiles, mineral processing and other fields.
Starch factory and the loss of starch ethanol plants lees recovery: Now a lot of starch, starch factory wastewater containing many are dosing anionic polyacrylamide, starch particle coagulation and sedimentation, and then precipitate into pressure filtration through filter cake like, can be used for feed, ethanol plants can be applied anionic polyacrylamide alcohol dehydration, pressure filtration for recycling. Settlement for the river mud. Dry strength agents for paper. Additives used in papermaking, help rate agent. Before the pump inlet in the paper pulp storage pool by adding trace-type PAM-LB-3  PAM powder (anion)can fill with water retention in the online small fibers increased 20-30%. Savings per ton of pulp 20-30kg. For example: a large amount in the coal washing process wastewater, direct discharge of pollution of the environment, must be recycled after Shen Qing, recycling water, slime, but also valuable, but by natural subsidence, time consuming, while the water is not clear.Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Papermaking-chemicals/PAM-powder-(anion)/

the risk of methacrylic anhydride

Signs and Symptoms of Methacrylic Anhydride Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to methacrylic anhydride may include headache, dizziness, weakness, and nausea. May cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns may also be noted.
Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to methacrylic anhydride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.Read more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Fine-Chemical-Products/Methacrylic-anhydride/

Simple classification of Colloidal Silica

In general, the Colloidal Silica can be classified according to their nature and composition of organic and inorganic Colloidal Silica into two categories. Inorganic silica is a highly active adsorption material, usually with sodium silicate and sulfuric acid reaction, and after aging, acid bulbs and a series of post-processing in the system. Amorphous Colloidal Silica is a material, its chemical formula is mSiO2. nH2O. Insoluble in water and any solvent, non-toxic, odorless, chemically stable, in addition to alkali, hydrofluoric acid does not react with any substance. Various types of Colloidal Silica formation because of their different manufacturing methods and different porous structure.  Colloidal Silicachemical composition and physical structure, determines that it has replaced many other similar hard material characteristics: a high adsorption properties, thermal stability, chemical stability, high mechanical strength Colloidal Silica according to the size of its aperture is divided into : macroporous silica gel, wide poreColloidal Silica , B-type Colloidal Silica,  Colloidal Silicathin silicone hole. Because the different pore structure, so they have their own characteristics of adsorption. Coarse-pored Colloidal Silica in the case of high relative humidity with high adsorption capacity, pore Colloidal Silica  in the case of low relative humidity adsorption capacity than coarse-pored Colloidal Silica, Colloidal Silica as the B-type pore structure between the coarse and fine hole between the amount of adsorption between the thick, between the pore. Macroporous silica is generally used as a catalyst carrier, matting agents, toothpaste abrasives. Therefore, selection should be based on different uses of different varietiesRead more：http://www.chemical-chem.com/Papermaking-chemicals/Colloidal-Silica/